Ingero nke : Ikibazo cya Shia na Suni gikomoka ku kibazo cy’imiryango aho Abashiya bakomeza kwemeza ko uwari gusimbura Intumwa ari Ally kubera ko ari umukwe we na mwene se wabo, nyamara Coran ivuga ibinyuranye n’ibyo muri 49 :13 ; urundi rugero isimburana ry’Ingoma za Banu Umayah na Banu Abbasi byashingiye ku miryango yabo. Abo rero batumvise ya modernité yazanywe n’ubutumwa bw’Imana nibo badusobanurira ibyo Imana itubwira (Inyigisho z’idini : Ulumm din) kandi nabo batarabwumvise ahubwo bakabukoresha mu nyungu zabo za politiki batitaye ku giha ireme iyo politiki (ijambo ry’Imana). Ingero ni nyinshi.
3. RELIGION SE YO NI IKI
Mbere yo gukomeza kureba ibya modernité dusanze byaba byiza no kuvuga muri macye ibya religion. Nanze gukoresha ijambo idini kugirango ntinjira mu bisobanuro by’iyo nyito ubwayo kuko itavuga kimwe mu ndimi no mu mico yose.
Mu kwirinda ibisobanuro bw’ijambo ndavuga ahubwo icyo religion ikora mu bantu : Religion igaragara mu ngeri nk’enye :
? Gutanga ibisobanuro byo kubaho kwa Muntu (sens de l’existence).
? Kuba urwego rw’aho Muntu abarizwa (cadre identitaire) rukagena imikorere n’imitekerereze (structurer et organiser la vie).
? rikoreshwa nk’urwego shingiro ry’ubutegetsi bwa politiki no gukangura rubanda (cadre de légitimation du pouvoir et d’excitation des peuples) : ibi ni ukwiha ishigiro ry’ubutegetsi nkuko muri modernité ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi rituruka kuri rubanda binyuze mu matora.
? Urwego rutanga urukurikirane n’uruhererekane rw’imbaga y’abemera (instance de continuité historique : mémoire d’une communauté) : urugero : ikibazo cyo kwihwanya n’abasahaba b’Intumwa..
4. INGARUKA (impact) ZA MODERNITE NYABURAYI KU MADINI
Nkuko bivugwa na Prof Danielle H.L., ndetse n’abandi bashakashatsi benshi mu mibereho y’abantu na phénomènes z’ubuzima, bavuga ko Modernité nyaburayi yaje ifite umugambi cyangwa se ishingiro yo guhigika religion/idini kugirango Muntu ashingiye ku bwenge bwe yishakemo ibisubizo byo kubaho kwe. Icyo nicyo cyari ikifuzo kimitswe n’abahanga twavuze (les Lumières). Ariko amateka yaje kubereka ko byagenze ukundi. Iryo gundagurana (clivage) niryo tugiye gukomeza kurebera hamwe.
Kuri Prof Mohamed Arkoun, modernité ishingira imizi k’ukwemera ukubaho kw’Imana, bityo imitekerereze ya Muntu igashingira kubyo Imana imwereka haba ibinyujije mu rumuri karemano akomora ku Mana cyangwa se binyuze mu butumwa bwanyuze ku Ntumwa no ku Bahanuzi. Nkuko tugiye kubibona, turareba niba abagenewe Ubutumwa barabigezeho cyangwa se niba inzitizi z’ubuzima zarabaye intambamyi.
Mu gitabo cye « Les nouveaux penseurs de l’islam » Rachid Benzine avuga ko baba abayisilamu, n’abatari bo, Ubuyisilamu bwamenyekanye hadashingiwe k’ubutumwa shingiro (révélation) ko ahubwo bwamenyekanye bunamamazwa hashingiwe k’umubano waranze ababuyobotse n’ababurwanyije (amateka).
Ndetse no ku Bayisilamu ubwabo amateka mabi cyangwa meza yabaye nk’ayinjijwe mu misobanurire y’ubutumwa shingiro buva ku Mana maze byangiza cyangwa mvuge nti byavangiye cyane Ubuyisilamu kugeza uyu munsi.
A. UBUYISILAMU NA MODERNITE mu MIBONERE YA PROF MOHAMED ARKOUN
Ubutumwa bwa Coran kimwe n’ubundi butumwa bwose bwavuye ku Mana bwaje mu magambo (oralité) bukoresha imvugo ijimije (métaphore) bubwira igice cya Roho bita (imaginaire) hagamijwe ko Muntu anyurwa akayoboka nta gahato (persuasion/adhesion). Icya kabiri kubera ko Mohamad yabayeho mu bantu bagenzi be yageragezaga no kubushyira mu bikorwa mu nzego zose z’ubuzima nka modernité ije guhindura hafi ya byose mu mibonere, mu mibereho mishya, mbese mu yandi magambo yari Umukangurambaga ushingira k’ubyo asobanuriwe, abwirijwe n’Imana bireba ingeri zose z’ubuzima (politiki, ubutabera, imyitwarire, ubukungu, imibanire y’abantu etc.)
Iyo mibonere mishya itarakiriwe na bose yateje ihangana rigaragara muri Coran ubwayo. Ibyitwa urugomo ruboneka (violence verbale) bigaragara muri Coran bikwiye kwitirirwa iryo hangana ry’ibyo bitekerezo aho kwitirirwa ubutumwa buvuye ku Mana nkuko benshi mu batari abasilamu babivuga ndetse nkuko abasilamu babyitwaza mu gukora urugomo kubera ubusesenguzi buciriritse. Iki ni ikintu gikomeye abasilamu bagombye kumenya.
Ikigaragarira buri wese ni uko ubu butumwa bwabaye amagambo (idéale théorique) nyamara ibikorwa (réalité historique) byavomye hanze y’ubutumwa bikaba byigaragariza mu ngero nk’ ebyiri zikurikira:
Mu muco gakondo: aha twavuga nk’ibyabereye muri Sakifa ban Saidat byabyaye amatsinda ya Suni na Shia bimunga imbaga y’abasilamu kugeza uyu munsi, tutibagiwe n’inshuro nyinshi Coran yagendaga icyaha abasilamu kubera kwitandukanya nayo. Ingero: Surat 3:152, 63:8 n’izindi nyinshi.
Mu buryo busa n’ubw’inyigisho z’abayahudi n’abakirisitu (aha ndavuga imiterere y’imyubakire ya théologia z’amadini yose).
N’ubwo iki gitekerezo ari indi ngingo yaganirwaho mu buryo bwihariye, ntitwabura kuvuga ko kuva aho ubutumwa bwari amagambo avugwa buhindukiye igitabo cyanditse, maze ibyakoreshaga imaginaire noneho bigakoresha imitekerereze (raison) mu byitwa concept yaturutse muri philosophie y’abagereki, kandi bihagarikiwe n’ Ubutegetsi bwa Politiki bwifashisha Abamenyi b’Idini babukorera maze batanga icyerekezo cya Coran mu byitwa isobanura (tafsir cg exégèse). Bityo hinira ukuboko Kwa Muntu m’ubutumwa bw’Imana. Dr Al Ajami abivuga neza mu nyandiko ze aho avuga ko Coran yahinduriwe icyerekezo maze aho kugendera k’ubutumwa hakagenderwa ku bisobanurwa hifashishijwe izindi mvugo zo hanze ya Coran (tuzabigarukaho mu buryo bwihariye).
Ingaruka zabyo ni uko aho kugirango abasilamu bashingire ku byahishuwe n’Imana (symbolique prophétique), bashingiye ku bisobanuro by’abahanga bayobowe n’ubutegetsi politiki bavugisha Coran icyo bashaka ko ivuga (symbolique religieuse islamique) . Ibi ni bimwe mu bimenyetso byerekana uburyo abasilamu bataye modernité ibahuza n’Imana nabo batangira bricolage zishingiye ku mateka yabo ya gakondo agamije inyungu zabo. Ibi kandi tubisanga mu madini yose:
Mu Bukirisitu nkuko twabivuze, urupfu rwa Yezu baruhuje n’ibyitwa gutamba Umwana w’imfura byabayeho muri kariya Karere kuva cyera cyane, ni uko Mutagatifu Augusitini yahimbye ibyitwa Intambara itunganye arenze ibyo amategeko y’Imana abuza kwica ndetse n’inyigisho za Yezu nyamara yambukiranya ibihe bya Yezu ajya kubishaka kwa Cicéron abyinjiza mw’idini ry’Ubukirisitu.
Mu busilamu imyitwarire ku kibazo cy’Abagore si iby’Imana itegeka kuko henshi Coran irabaringaniza (umwemera n’umwemerakazi, umusilamu n’umusilamukazi…) ahubwo ni ibiri mu mico gakondo yafataga Umugore n’ibindi….
B. RELIGION/IDINI mu MIBONERE ya PROF DANIELLE H.L.
Nkuko twabivuze, modernité nyaburayi yaje igamije guhigika imitekerereze ishingiye kw’idini iha Muntu imitekerereze ishingiye ku bwenge bwe. Ubukirisitu bwabaye ubwa mbere mu kuhababarira (turabireba mu kanya tuvuga amadini yose kuko bisa).
K’Ubusilamu se ho byagenze bite? Nkuko amateka abyerekana, modernité Nyaburayi yinjijwe mu Mbaga y’Abayisilamu binyuze mw’iterwa (conquête) rya Misiri na Napoléon mu mwaka wa 1798. Nyuma yo guhura n’iyo modernité, bamwe mu Bayisilamu barayakiriye banifuza kuyinjiza mu misobanurire y’Ubuyisilamu mu cyizwi kw’izina rya Nahda cyangwa réforme. N’ubwo ijambo Nahda cg TAJDID ritari rishya mu Buyisilamu kuko umurimo wo kwivugurura wahozeho kuva cyera, urugero rutangwa ni urwa Mohamed Ibn Abdulwahab (1743-1792) wahimbye Wahhabisme, kuri bamwe ifatwa nk’ivugurura ndetse ryashoboye kugera ku ntego yaryo.
Abaza kw’isonga ry’ikiswe Nahda (réforme) hari Umu perse : Jamal Din Al Afgan (1838-1897), Umunyamisiri Mohamed Abdu (1849-1905), Umunyasyiria Mohamed Rachid Rida (1865-1935). Nyuma ya kikiriya gihe amateka y’Abasilamu hafi ya bose afata abo bagabo nk’abatangije ibyitwa ivugurura, hagenda hiyongeraho n’abandi mu bindi bihugu.
