Byaba byiza tuvuze amateka magufi kw’iyinjizwa rya modernité Nyaburayi mu mbaga y’Abayisilamu n’uko yakiriwe. Mu nyandiko ye yise “Modernisation de l’islam ou islamisation de la modernité »2001 pag139-144 Prof Jocelyne Cesari asobanura muri macye uko imbaga y’abasilamu yakiriye modernité Nyaburayi.
Abasilamu bamaze guhura na modernité nyaburayi bagize icyo yita choc, maze biba imbarutso yo kwitekerezaho (prise de conscience) bumva bagomba kugira ibyo bahindura mu myumvire y’inyigisho z’idini.
Umwihariko ukomeye bagize ni uko basanze modernité Nyaburayi ifite ibyiza mu majyambere-bintu (modernité matérielle) kandi ko ntaho bihabanye rwose n’ukwemera. Icya kabiri basanga gushyira imbere ibitekerezo bya Muntu bidahagije maze biyemeza kugira ibyo bavugurura ariko bashingiye ku nyigisho z’idini aho kubyigizayo nk’uko modernité Nyaburayi yabikoze kw’idini y’Ubukirisitu.
Biyemeza gushaka gukura mw’idini ibitekerezo birigaragaramo bisa nk’ubupfumu (superstition : ubumaji, kuvura bizwi kw’izina ry’abarimu etc..). Mu mbaga y’Abayisilamu havutse impande ebyiri zitabyumva kimwe : Rumwe rugizwe n’itsinda ry’abize b’abanyamujyi irindi rigizwe na rubanda rwa giseseka kugeza ku ntambara ya mbere n’iya kabiri z’isi. Nyuma y’Intambara ya kabiri havuka indi myumvire mishya noneho igamije icyo twakwita « Gusilamura modernité » : ishyamiranya na none impande ebyiri : abasa n’abashaka kwishushanya n’abanyaburayi (réformistes/progressistes) n’ababyanga biyizingiraho (abahezanguni : fondamentalistes). Ng’ibyo muri macye cyane ibitekerezo bigikomeje gukocagurana kugeza uyu munsi mu mbaga y’Abayisilamu
C. NI IZIHE MPINDUKA MODERNITE ITEZA MURI RELIGIONS/IDINI ZOSE?
Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu cya 20, abahanga mu by’imibereho ya Muntu bemezaga ko idini ridashobora kubangikana na modernité ahubwo bagahora bibaza igihe idini zizazima burundu. Nkuko bivugwa na Prof Danielle H.L.kuva mu myaka ya 1970-80, batunguwe n’ibyo babonye imbere muri modernité Nyaburayi : avuga ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi :
? iyaduka ry’amatsinda y’amasengesho muri za Kaminuza bakabivanga n’ibyo muri Aziya nka méditation, Yoga n’ibindi.
? kugaragara kw’amatsinda y’amadini mu ruhando rwa Politiki, icyigaragaje cyane ni uburyo abitwa abamamaza Ivanjili bo muri Amerika bisuganije mu Matora ya Mandat ya kabiri ya Ronald Reagan maze bagakwirakwiza ibitekerezo byabo kw’Isi yose.
? igaragara ry’idini ya Islam i Burayi mu Nganda no mu bigo bikomeye aho basabye ibyumba byo gusaliramo.
Baje gusanga ko guhahana ibijyanye n’amadini byari byarashyizwe imbere na modernité mu bihe bishize bitavanyeho ukwemera ahubwo byakugize umwihariko wa Muntu (individualisation de la croyance). Icyahababariye ni Inzego z’Amadini ariko si ukwemera kw’abantu.
D.IYO MPINDUKA YAGIZE IZIHE NGARUKA ?
(i) Ingaruka ya mbere : Kwisobanurira icyerekezo cy’ubuzima (sytème de sens)
Ubusanzwe kugirango abemera basobanurirwe iby’ubuzima (sens de la vie), imyitwarire ikwiye babikesha inzego z’idini bayobotse, naho Abantu bacengewemo na modernité Nyaburayi, ni bo ubwabo biyubakira systèmes zibaha sens y’ubuzima maze za nzego nkuru zisigara zimeze nk’agasanduku k’ibikoresho Umuntu afatamo icyo ashatse gukoresha (boite à outils) mu cyo Claude Levis Straus yise BRICOLAGE naho Xavier Molenat akabyita religion à la carte nko muri restaurant Umuntu ahitamo icyo ashatse.
Bricolage ni iki ? Claude Levis Straus abivuga kuri mythe ati ni : Uburyo bukomeye bwo kugaragaza kwanga ibidafite icyerekezo (Formidable protestation du non sens)
Ko ibi bireba Amadini yose mu Buyisilamu ho byigaragaje bite ?
Ubuyisilamu nk’ayandi madini yari amaze guhura na modernité Nyaburayi, iyi nkubiri ntiyabusize, hatangiye kugaragara amatsinda y’Abayisilamu afite injyana ya Bricolage .
Zimwe mu ngero umuntu yatanga :
Ivuka ry’itsinda rya Tabligh : Itsinda rya Tabligh ryavutse muri 1927 nyuma y’ihirikwa ry’Impugu (empire) y’aba Othmaniya bikozwe na Mustafa Kemal Ataturk muri 1924. Byateje ihungabana mu Basilamu basa nkaho nta cyerekezo bagifite. Kuri bo ibintu byari byataye icyerekezo (sens). Mu kubyanga bashaka icyagarura icyerecyezo (sens), baremye itsinda ryihariye ryishinga kubagarura ku mihango n’imigenzo kandi bakongera kwitabira imisigiti. Sinshaka kwinjira mu nyigisho ubwazo nibanze gusa ku gikorwa.
N’iwacu mu Rwanda Umuntu yahabona ibisa nabyo. Muzi ko muri za 1980 havutse imiryango y’ivugabutumwa nayo ikomotse ku nkubiri yavutse mu myaka ya 1970 mw’Isi y’Abayisilamu nyuma y’ihomba ry’ibyiswe ikundagihugu nyarabu yari iyobowe na Nasser Perezida wa Misiri n’ibyitwa panaislamisme riyobowe na Said Qutubi w’Umunyamisiri maze Kadafi arabyigarurira . Iyo miryango yari ishingiye cyane kw’ivuga butumwa no ku migenzo n’imihango y’ubusilamu, kuko bashingiraraga kw’ijambo ry’Imana rigira riti :
Ni nde wavuga ijambo ryiza kuruta uhamagarira Abantu kugana Imana … cor 41 :33, n’izindi n’izindi, gushishikariza no gukangurira abasilamu kwita ku migenzo ndetse n’ibimenyetso biranga idini (kwitandira ku Basilamukazi), kuko abari babishinzwe (urwego nshingwadini) rutabikoraga uko bikwiye. Ibi rero byatumye habaho kimwe twavuze hejuru cyiswe BRICOLAGE kuko bashakaga kubiha icyerekezo gishya. Iyo bricolage igaragara neza aho usanga umuntu afata muri za briefcase iy’Abasuni, iy’Abashia, iy’abakhawariji ndetse n’ibitandukanye mu mashuli ya za madhehebu zizwi, ugasanga iyo bricolage irakwemerera gufata muri madhehebu zose uko ushatse ariko nta n’imwe wiziritseho kuko nawe ushyiramo uko ubwenge n’ubumenyi bwawe bubyumva. Ngiyo imwe mu ngaruka za modernité Nyaburayi ku madini yose. Nibutse k’Ubukirisitu byabaye ngombwa ko Kiliziya ikora ibyo yise aggiornamento muri Concile ya Vatican II ishaka guhuza iby’indangagaciro za modernité n’amahame y’ukwemera.
(ii) Ingaruka ya kabiri : (validation) N’ubwo modernité Nyaburayi ikangurira abantu gukoresha ubwenge bwabo, ntibikuraho ko Muntu akenera iteka kugira uwo babona ibintu kimwe kuko biri muri kamere ye. Abanyarwanda nibo bavuze bati « kubaho ni ukubana, Umugabo agerwa kuri Nyina, »
Wa Muntu wahanze system yindi itanga icyerekezo kandi akaba atagifitiye icyizere inzego nkuru z’idini, nyamara atanazizibukiriye burundu kuko akomeza gufatamo ibyo ashaka, akenera undi baba babyumva kimwe, bityo igifite sens iwe kikaba kinayifite iwanjye tukishyira hamwe kuko uramutse ubuze undi mubyumva kimwe byarangira. Niyo mpamvu ajya gushaka ibyo bita ubwishingizi ku bandi (validation)
Prof D HL avuga ko habaho validation eshatu :
Ubwishingizi bwa mbere ni ubwa rwa rwego rukuru rurwaye (institutionnelle en panne), aha ntajyayo, ubwishingizi bwa kabiri buba hagati ye n’undi babyumva kimwe (validation mutuelle : soft)Ubwishingizi bwa gatatu bukaba ubw’imbaga ya benshi (validation communautaire : harde) mubaye benshi mukishyira hamwe (amashyirahamwe)
Icyitonderwa : Ubu bwishingizi cg se validation za 2 n’iya 3 zirangwa ni uko muri iyi mbaga isa n’iyiyomoye ku bandi (urwego rukuru) bihuriza inyuma y’Umuntu umwe (Imamu, maitre, Apôtre, Padiri, Pasteur, Marabout, Maoulana, Amir, Califa etc..) bumva kandi bakemera ko yasobanukiwe neza iby’Imana ishaka ndetse ko yumvise neza inyigisho z’Intumwa, agasa n’uvuze ati muze mbasobanurire ukuri (nk’abayamanitse). Bumva bari m’ukuri abandi badafite. Prof DHL, avuga ko icyo batabona ari uko bose bakora BRICOLAGE ariko buri wese iye. Icyo badahuje si ukuri (vérité) ni BRICOLAGE zitandukanye buri wese ashingiye k’ubushobozi bwe : ubumenyi, ubuhirimbanyi, uburyo etc.. (Moyens mu rwego rwagutse). BIRACYAZA
