HAKORWA IKI ?
Mbere yo kuvuga icyakorwa uyu munsi, turebere hamwe muri macye ibyakozwe nyuma y’iseswa y’ibyari nationalisme arabe. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1969-1970, Abasilamu bashatse icyabisimbura maze bamwe muri bo nka Mouhamar Kadhafi Perezida wa Libya arabibyutsa ariko noneho mw’ishusho y’ubuyisilamu. Bityo ubuyisilamu buba bufashe umwanya wo gukangura imbaga yari iguye mu kangaratete. Nibwo yatangiye kubaka hirya no hino Ibigo Ndangamuco wa Kisilamu birimo na kiriya cy’i Nyamirambo afatanije n’ibihugu byiyunze by’Abarabu (Emirats arabe unis) .
Kugirango Abasilamu babashe kugira icyo bakora bibasaba byanze bikunze kugaruka kuri modernité kamere mu mibonere ya Prof Mohamed Arkoun n’abandi babibona nkawe. Modernité ishyira Imana hagati ya byose mu bigize ubuzima bw’Isi n’ibiyiriho.
Allah Akbar : « dire Dieu signifie dire le SENS, que la vie a un sens et que j’ai la responsabilité de le découvrir » Roger Garaudy : islam et modernité : Kuvuga Imana tuvuga kw’isumba byose bivuze iki ? Bivuze ko kuvuga Imana ari ukwemera ko ibiriho byose bifite icyerekezo yabihaye we wabihanze ko kandi mfite inshingano ntakuka zo kubimenya kugirango binyobore.
Ese muri iki gihe modernité Nyaburayi ishidikanya ku musaruro wayo nkuko twabivuze hejuru, Amadini muri rusange n’Ubusilamu by’umwihariko bwabasha kugira uruhare rwo kuba urumuri rw’Isi iteza imbere Muntu aho kumurimbura ?
Igisiubizo ni uko byashoboka rwose ariko hitaweho ingingo z’ingenzi : Transgresser, déplacer et dépasser : Kwigomeka, kwimura, kurenga .
Umuntu ufite Impagarike : Muntu uje kw’Isi, aba yifitemo itara akomora k’Umuremyi Cor 38 :72. Iyo yiyemeje kuricana ngo rimumurikire, rihora rimuhuza n’Umuremyi we, maze igihe cye cyose kikaba icyo guhimbaza ubuzima n’uje amugana. Imana ikomeza kumuhozaho urumuri, uretse urwo akomora mw’iremwa, agira n’urundi rukomoka mu butumwa amutumaho ; al Ghazal (m 1111) yaravuze ati « Al aql al wahyi al dakhir, wa al Risalat al wahyi al kharij » ati Ubwenge (roho) ni ihishurirwa ry’imbere naho ubutumwa ni ihishurirwa ryo hanze. Bityo icyo dusabwa ni uguhora dukangura iryo jwi riturimo, tukarihuza n’ubutumwa kugirango tubashe kubaho muri modernité kamere.
Kuki tugomba kwigomeka ? Turigomeka ku ki ?
Twavuze hejuru k’ubutumwa bw’Imana bwasobanuwe n’abantu batandukanye (ibyo twise akaboko ka Muntu) kenshi usanga ibyo bisobanuro biyobeje (ku bushake bucye) icyerekezo cy’ubutumwa, iyo tumaze kubibona dusabwa byanga bikunze kubyigomekaho kugirango tugaruke k’ubutumwa bw’umwimirere. Aribyo UPA (université de la Paix en Afrique) yigisha mu kubaka amahoro aho igira iti : Wa Muntu ufite impagarike aharanira gushaka ubukungu, ubushobozi, ubumenyi n’icyubahire bye n’iby’abandi bose.
Bimusaba kugira imitekereze myiza kandi ihora ikangutse, maze : Akarora akabona, agatega amatwi akumva, akirinda guhuga akita k’uby’ingenzi, maze akarenga amahame n’inzitiro zitari zo akajya gushaka muri we imbere no ku Mana (kuri rya tara yifitemo n’ubutumwa) . Mu yandi magambo amahame y’ibyo yibitsemo bivuye muri we imbere n’ibyo Imana imumurikira ndetse agaragariza mu bimenyetso ndangamyemerere (expressions sémiotiques : imigenzo, ibirango, imyambarire n’imirire, etc) bigomba kuyobora ibikorwa bye (harmoniser : l’imaginaire avec la symbolisation qui vont commander les rapports sociaux). Iyo bitarahura tuba dukora ubusa. Kenshi kudahura biterwa n’inyigisho zubatswe hashingiwe k’umubano n’amateka byaranze urugendo rw’idini.
Urugero : Amahame y’inzangano aba hagati y’Abashia n’Abasuni yaturutse ku mateka, maze ayo mateka aragenda ahinduka amahame y’idini, kugeza ubwo babishyira mu kanwa k’Imana n’Intumwa yayo. Byabaye ibishyitsi ndahangarwa tugomba kubyigomekaho (transgresser) n’ibindi nkabyo kandi ni byinshi (izo tabous zose). Tugomba kubyigimba tukabisesengura tugahereza abemera ibyemerwa biyunguruye.
Inyigisho nk’izo n’izindi nkazo nyamara zigera ubwo zigarika ingogo zigomba guhagurukirwa, zigasimbuzwa izikwiye. Nibwo tuzasimbura modernité Nyaburayi tuyisimbuza modernité kamere twahawe n’Imana maze twimike ubutumwa bw’Impuhwe nka Nyirazo, n’urukundo nk’urwa Nyamukundambere Nyirimpuhwe Nyirimbabazi.
Kuki tugomba kwimura (déplacer) ?
Niba tuvuga ko Ubusilamu ari idini ishishikariza gusoma, kwiga, dukwiye kwimura ikibazo cy’imyemerere mu byitwa inyigisho zibwiriza (amawaidha) maze tukayoboka n’inyigisho zisesengura, zisobanura ibyitwa ibitagatifu (sacré) hano nabuze irindi zina kuko mu busilamu ntibatandukanya saint na sacré (al muqadasi), tukigimba ibyitwa ukwemera n’ukwizera mu bizwi nka (problématisation de la foi et de la croyance) nkuko St Anselme wa Cantorbéry (1033-1109) yabyigishije « fides quarens intellectum : Ukwizera guhora gushakisha ubumenyi » Ngirango izi nyigisho ze zihuye n’ibyo abasilamu tuvuga buri munsi ko ibitanyuze ubwenge bitaba ari iby’idini.
Nimureke dufate Ubuhanga bwose buri muri modernité Nyaburayi, ubuhanga buri modernité zose dusobanure iby’Imana duhe umurongo isi igenderaho bizamura Muntu wese, bimuha ubuzima bwa hano kw’isi n’ubw’ejo hazaza. (Rabana atina fi dunia hasana wa fil akheratu hasana). Nkeka ko kwigisha ko Ubuki buvura indwara zose, ko amazina y’abarabu ariyo meza atari byo bizadufasha muri urwo rugendo (déplacer les évidences) .
Ni iki tugomba kurenga (dépasser) ?
Kugirango tubashe kuzana modernité iruta iyo tugaya ko yiyibagije Imana Rurema bikayigeza ku musaruro itashakaga, dusabwa kubanza gukuraho inzitizi izo arizo zose. Imwe mu nzitizi ni Sharia yahindutse amategeko. Sharia ikwiye gusuzumwa twifashishije ibikoresho by’ubuhanga dufite uyu munsi, bityo niba twiyemeza kuba abamurikira isi, ntigire uwo ihutaza, yaba Umusilamu yaba n’utari we.
Ijambo sharia rivugwa ahantu hacye muri Coran: coran 45:18, 5:44-46, 42:13,
Amateka magufi y’ijambo sharia. Ubuhanga bwa philologie bwiga buri jambo rikoreshwa mu ndimi bukerekana uburyo ryagiye rihindura igisobanuro bitewe n’imikoreshereze yaryo. Ijambo sharia muri Coran rivuga inzira: igana kw’isoko, ni imvugo ijimije (metaphor) bivuga inzira igana ku Mana yo soko ya Muntu. Nyamara aho biviriye, nkuko dukunze kubivuga, mu muco uvuga utandika bikinjira mu muco wandika bigafatwa n’ubutegetsi politiki n’ubw’abanyedini, urwego rw’amategeko rwasimbuye urwego rw’icyerekezo (dimension sémantique) maze icyari inzira gihinduka amategeko. Nyuma y’ihinduka ry’igisobanuro noneho Sharia ihinduka igikangisho n’inkoni y’ubutegetsi kugeza uyu munsi.
Birakwiye ko turenga izo nzitiro. Abakoze amategeko (les écoles juridiques) berekanye ko bishoboka gukurikiza amahame ndakuka kandi ndasimburwa y’amategeko y’Imana muri conditions za Muntu zihindagurika. Ni uko Shafi avuye i Damas ageze I Cairo baramubaza bati kuki ibyo wakoraga I Damas bitandukanye n’ibyo uko inaha arababwira ati birahinduka kubera ko conditions z’imibereho zitandukanye. Ibyo biduha uburenganzira bwo kugumana amahame adahinduka tukayahuza n’ibihe byacu bya none n’aho turi. Ntibidusaba gusubiramo formule zabo ahubwo bidusaba gukurikiza uburyo (méthode) bwabo.
Gihamya nyayo iduha uburenganzira bwo kurenga amategeko asa n’ayarangije igihe ni Imana ibivuga muri Coran 43:12 isobanura neza Coran 45:18 yerekana ko Imana yahaye inzira imwe Muhamad, Yezu, Moussa, Ibrahim Noa ikabaha n’amategeko atandukanye. Bityo Coran ntishobora kuba igitabo cy’amategeko (code juridique) ahubwo ni inzira, ni ubuyobozi noneho abantu bakabishingiraho bakora amategeko aberanye n’ibibazo bashaka gucyemura. Imbago, amahame adahinduka adakwiye kwitiranywa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa byayo muri conditions zitandukanye.
Kuko iherezo ni rimwe ridahinduka (la fin éternelle) naho uburyo bwo kuhagera bugahindagurika mu mateka (les moyens historiques). Nitutabirenga ntituzabasha kuba icyo duhamagarirwa gukora twamamaza modernité karande iva ku Mana.
Kugirango rero Ubusilamu binyuze mu Basilamu bubashe kwimika Ubushake bw’Imana mu Bantu hari ibintu by’ingenzi bikwiye kwitabwaho (n’ubwo atari byo gusa):
Ubusilamu bugomba gushyira imbere ubumenyi n’ubuhanga bwa sciences zose kugirango tubashe gusoma (lire et comprendre) iyi si dutuye (recherche scientifique). Mu gihe cyitwa icy’Ubusilamu classique, iki dukunze kwita igihe cy’ubuhanga bw’Abasilamu (8-13ème siècle) cyaranzwe n’ibintu bitatu bikurikira : Ubuhanga bwa science, ubugenge (sagesse), ukwizera (foi) :
Bahuzaga ubuhanga mu gushaka kumenya imikorere ndetse n’imvano y’ibintu (recherche des causes premières et leur déploiement), Ubugenge butubwira iherezo rya byose (les fins dernières) n’ukwizera (foi). Ukwizera kudahangana n’imitekerereze ( foi VS raison) ahubwo kuje kuyuzuza, yemera imbago z’imitekerereze ya Muntu, (limites de la raison) ikanamenya imbago z’ubugenge (limites de la sagesse) mu kumenya iherezo hanyuma ukwizera kukabibera umuhuza cyangwa ikiraro hagati yabyo nk’ubumenyi butagira umupaka (comme une raison sans frontières).
Ubusilamu bugomba kongera kugarura no kunagura iby’inyigisho zabwo binyuze mu byitwa critique y’ibyo ubusilamu butanga nk’ubumenyi bwifashishije ubuhanga n’ubumenyi Isi igenda igeraho bityo bukirinda kugwa mu mutego w’abigize abavugizi b’Imana (juristes/ théolgiens) bemeje kw’ibyo bagezeho ari ndakuka. Nibutse ko inyigisho abasilamu bagenderaho uyu munsi zubatswe muri biriya binyejana navuze hejuru byari bishingiye ku bumenyi bwa kiriya gihe byarimo : ubuhanga bw’ururimi bw’icyarabu, amateka uko bayakurikiranije ashingiye cyane ku ntambara (al maghaz :
Ibn Ish’aq(704-768) na ibn Hisham :m 833), nayo avugwa n’uwatsinze, grammaire (ikibonezamvugo cya cyarabu : Sibawayh (760-796), hadith uko zemejwe na Bukhari(810-870) na Muslim(821-875), ibisobanuro bya Coran (exégèse) : Tabari (839-923), hakiyongeraho ibyitwa amashuli ya Madhehebu : Abu Hanifa (699-767), Imam Malik(711-795), Imam Shafi(767-820) na Imam Ibn Hanbal ( 780-855), n’abitwa abalimu ba théologie : Mutazilites, Asharites, na Maturidistes. Muri rusange uyu niwo murongo w’inyigisho z’ibyo duhabwa nk’ubumenyi butumenyesha iby’ubuzima bwa nyuma.
N’ubwo ntawacyerensa ibyo abahanga ba mbere bagezeho, ndetse ko ahubwo bakwiye kubishimirwa kuko babashije gushinga amategeko n’amabwiriza yari agamije gucyemura ibibazo byo ku gihe cyabo, izo mbaraga n’umuhati bagize bikwiye kutubera imbarutso yo gukora nkabo ducyemura natwe ibibazo byo mu gihe cyacu.
Buri wese aremera ko tutabaza Abou Hanifa ikibazo cy’uko twakwifata imbere y’ikibazo cya nucléaire, ko tutabaza Imam Shafi uko dukwiye kwitwara imbere y’ikibazo cya internet kiyobora isi uyu munsi n’ibindi n’ibindi. Nkuko bivugwa na Prof Abdus Salam (igihembo cya Nobel muri physique 1979) ati Coran idusaba gutekereza inshuro 835, dukwiye rero gutekereza buri gihe, twe ubwacu aho gusubiramo ibyo abandi batekereje cyera, bitaba ibyo twaba twihuguza.
