Igice cya mbere: Ubuzima n’amateka bya Imhotep umunyafurika w’umuhanga mu bwubatsi n’amateka

Yamenyekanye cyane kubera ibikorwa bye nk’umunyabwenge, umuganga, umuhanga mu by’ubwubatsi, n’umuyobozi w’ingabo.

Imhotep yavukiye mu Misiri ya kera, ariko amateka y’amavuko ye n’ubuzima bwe bwite ntabwo azwi neza, n’ubwo azwi cyane nk’umwe mu banyabwenge bafite impano nyinshi nyinshi babayeho muri Afurika.

Umurage wa Imhotep mu bikorwa by’ubwubatsi tubona uyu munsi

Imhotep yamenyekanye cyane kubera gushushanya no kuyobora imirimo yo kubaka Piramide ya Step iherereye mu Mujyi wa Saqqara. Iyi piramide yubatse mu buryo budasanzwe, aho igizwe n’ibyiciro bimeze nk’inzira zigana hejuru, ikaba ari yo piramide yabayeho bwa mbere mu mateka y’isi.

Iyi piramide kandi ikozwe mu mabuye, aho yerekana ubuhanga bwo gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye kuruta amatafari y’ibumba byakundaga gukoreshwa.

Ikozwe kandi mu buryo bw’ibyiciro (tiers), aho ifite ibyiciro bitandatu bigenda bisumbana, itanga isura itandukanye n’imiturirwa ya kera.

Ubumenyi bwe mu by’ubwubatsi bwatumye afatwa nk’umwe mu bagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’iyubakwa ry’amatanguriro ya Misiri ya kera.

Imhotep yagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’ubwubatsi mu Misiri ya kera, ndetse n’isi muri rusange. Yibukwa nk’umwe mu bashinze amahame y’ubwubatsi bwa gihanga, kandi ibikorwa bye bigaragaza ubuhanga budasanzwe mu bihe by’abakurambere.

Imhotep azwiho kuba umwe mu bantu ba mbere batanze inzira yo gukoresha amabuye mu bwubatsi, bitandukanye n’amatafari y’ibumba cyangwa ibikoresho byoroheje byakoreshwaga mbere.

Yashyize imbere ikoreshwa ry’amabuye y’ibikoresho bikomeye nka limestone, icyatumye inyubako zishinga imizi zikaremera kandi zikaramba.

Mu gihe yari umuyobozi mukuru wa Djoser, Imhotep yagize uruhare mu kubaka no gutegura inyubako z’ibwami zari zifite ubusobanuro bw’umuco n’idini.

Inyubako y’i Saqqara yagaragazaga ubuhanga bwo guhuza ibijyanye n’imyemerere ya gikomerezabitambo na siyansi y’ubwubatsi.

Imhotep yakoresheje ubwubatsi mu buryo bwimbitse bwo kwerekana imyemerere yo guhimbaza ubuzima bw’iteka. Piramide zafatwaga nk’imihanda ihuza abami n’imana, bigaragaza uburyo ubwubatsi bwari bufite intego zitambutse ku bintu by’inyuma gusa.

Piramide ya Step ni urugero rw’icyitegererezo cyahumekeye ubwubatsi bwakurikiyeho, cyane cyane izindi piramide zo ku musozi wa Giza, nka Piramide ya Khufu.

Ubumenyi bw’ibanze bw’ubwubatsi bwa Imhotep bwakwirakwiye mu bindi bihugu byakundaga kugirana ubuhahirane na Misiri, nka Baburoni n’Ubwami bwa Nubiya.

Imhotep yamenyekanye nk’umwe mu bashinze inzira zigejeje ubwubatsi ku rwego rw’ubuhanga n’iterambere ryabwo. Kubera ibikorwa bye, yaje kugirwa ikitegererezo ndetse n’imana y’ubwubatsi mu gihe cya Misiri y’Abakemani.

Ubwubatsi bwe ntibwari gusa kubaka ibyubatse, ahubwo bwari no gushyira imbere inyigisho zifatika z’ubumenyi, aho ibikorwa bye byahindutse ishingiro ry’ubwubatsi bw’ibihe byose.

Kugira ngo Ubuhanga bwa Imhotep bugere mu bwami bw’Abagiriki n’Abaroma byanyuze mu buhahirane bw’umuco, ubushakashatsi bw’ubumenyi, n’ubushake bw’ibi bihugu bwo kwigira ku bwenge bwa Misiri ya kera.

Abagiriki n’Abaroma bibanze cyane ku gufata ibitekerezo by’abahanga ba Misiri, barimo Imhotep, babihuza n’ubumenyi bwabo, bityo bigira uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’inyubako zabo.

Mu gihe cy’ubwami bwa Ptoleme, ubwo Abagiriki bayoboraga Misiri mu myaka ya mbere ya Yezu (332 – 30 BC) habayeho ivugururwa rikomeye ry’umuco n’ubumenyi, aho ibi byatumye abahanga b’Abagiriki biga ku mateka n’ubumenyi bya Misiri.

Urugero ni nk’Alexandria, umujyi w’icyitegererezo w’Abagiriki muri Misiri, wagaragaye nk’ahantu h’ibitekerezo mpuzamahanga, amashakiro ya Misiri ku by’ubwubatsi yarahigwaga kandi Imhotep yashimwaga nk’umwe mu nkingi z’ubumenyi bwa kera.

Abagiriki bamwitaga Imouthes, kandi bamufataga nk’umuhanga n’umunyabwenge wa mbere, by’umwihariko, igitekerezo cye cyo guhuza inyubako n’imyemerere n’idini cyakoze ku nyubako zabo, nk’ibituro by’imana n’iminara y’imizimu (temples).

Aho uburyo Imhotep yakoreshaga ibikoresho bikomeye mu nyubako z’ubudahangarwa bw’abami (nka piramide) byahindutse intangarugero ku bikorwa byo kubaka inzu n’amashusho y’imana zabo.

Abagiriki bahimbye uburyo bwabo bw’ubwubatsi (Doric, Ionic, na Corinthian), ariko ubwo gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye n’imiturirwa y’ibibumbano byerekana ubuhangange bushobora kuba bwaraturutse ku bitekerezo by’amateka ya Misiri, harimo ibikorwa bya Imhotep.

Abahanga b’Abaroma, cyane cyane mu by’ubwubatsi, bigaga ku bintu byinshi by’Abagiriki. Kubera ko Abagiriki bari baramenye ubuhanga bwa Misiri, harimo n’ibikorwa bya Imhotep, Abaroma nabo barabukurikiza.

Aho imiterere y’ubwubatsi bwa Misiri, cyane cyane uburyo bw’imiterere ikomeye nka piramide na za temples, byahindutse icyitegererezo ku bikorwa by’Abaroma byo kubaka ibibuga bikomeye (amphitheaters) n’inyubako z’ibwami (basilicas).

Imhotep yerekanye ko ubwubatsi bushobora kuba igikoresho cy’imyemerere n’icyubahiro cy’igihugu, igitekerezo cyakoreshejwe mu nyubako nka Colosseum cyangwa Pantheon.

Abayobozi b’Abaroma, cyane cyane ba Kayizari baje gusura Misiri, bahungukira byinshi mu mateka y’ubwubatsi bwa kera. Iki gihugu cyari gifite inyubako zidasanzwe zabereye Abaroma isoko y’ibitekerezo byo kubaka ibibumbano n’inzu ndangamurage.

N’ubwo Abaroma bavumbuye uburyo bwo gukoresha sima (concrete), uburyo bwo gushingira inyubako ku nkingi zikomeye no ku buryo bw’amabuye bukomera bushobora kuba bwaraturutse ku bwubatsi bwa Misiri bwakwirakwijwe na Imhotep.

Abagiriki n’Abaroma bamenye Imhotep nk’umwe mu ntiti zatumye ubwubatsi buhinduka, aho azwi cyane nk’umwe mu bashyize imbere igitekerezo cy’inyubako zigaragaza icyubahiro n’imyemerere, kimwe n’imiturirwa y’ubudahangarwa.

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Imhotep, yagiye ahabwa icyubahiro nk’imana y’ubwubatsi. Ubu buryo bw’icyubahiro bwatumye izina rye rigira ubukaka, bigafasha igitekerezo cy’ibikorwa bye gukwirakwira mu bindi bihugu.