Ingaruka ya gatatu : Ubwisumbure bw’ibikwiye k’ukwishushanya (prima de l’authenticité sur la conformité) Uku guha Muntu kwihitiramo cyangwa kwigenga mu myemerere, biteza isumbanya ry’ibyitwa authenticité na conformité: UMWIMERERE cyagwa UKWISANISHA, UKWISHUSHANYA.
Muntu yumva ariwe wamenye ukuri ashingiye k’uburyo abyumva atitaye k’uko izindi nzego zibivuga, zibigaragaza. Icyo yishingikiriza ni icyo we yita UKURI nyako atitaye k’ukwishushanya n’imbaga ya benshi. Ingero zigaragara : Jye n’abumva nkanjye, tugena umunsi wo gutangira no kurangiza ukwezi kw’igisibo, isaha yo gusiba no gusiburuka, gufungura cyangwa gufunga amaboko mw’isengesho, gutawaza uhanagura cyagwa ukaraba, ibi byose bishingira k’uri ubu burenganzira butangwa na modernité nyaburayi bityo igasa n’itesheje agaciro irangamuntu rusange, bikanabyara amatsinda menshi mu bemera.
Nyamara n’ubwo bose bavuga ko aribo bemera ntibareka kwishyira mu ruhererekane rw’Abemera bagenda bakagera ku Ntumwa banyuze ku bayoboke ba mbere, aho bagenda bagashinga imizi n’ifatizo kugirango ibyabo bigire injyana. Iyo udafite amateka urazima.
ISESENGURA
Urugendo rwo kwibaza, kumenya bicye mu bigize ibyemerwa n’abantu bizeye Agakiza ku Mana rutugeza ku myanzuro y’uko :
Icya mbere : ikibazo cy’imyemerere ni ingorabahizi (complexe) bityo gikwiye kurenga inzira y’ubusamo (raccourci) ikunze gukoreshwa n’abemera bacyeka ko batunze UKURI Nyako (vérité absolue) kenshi kubera kutamenya nibura n’utu ducye twabashoboza kugira ubwicishebugufi (humilité), byatuma bakora icyo abanyarwanda bita « Kuvuga Uziga », maze aho guhanganishwa n’icyizere cyo gutunga ukuri twabanishwa neza no korohererana : Iyi nzira yananiye Abanyamadini bose iyo bava bakagera.
Icya kabiri : Umutima w’ihangana ry’Abanyamadini mu mishingire y’inyigisho za gatigisimu (la construction des théologies d’exclusion réciproques) witandukanya n’Icyerekezo cy’Ubutumwa bwavuye ku Mana (Urukundo, ubufatanye, ubuvandimwe, ubwubahane) ahubwo ugashingira ku mahame nk’aya y’imitekerereze ya modernité Nyaburayi yavutse mw’ihangana rya Leta n’Ubukirisitu bwari bwarakandamije rubanda. Bisa n’imitekerereze y’Abayisilamu bakomoye mu Ntambara zo kwagura Impugu yabo (conquêtes musulmanes) n’intambara z’isubiranamo byabyaye amatsinda ya kisilamu tubone uyu munsi (Fitna al kubra n’Ubwicanyi bwa Karbala 680) hakiyongeraho inkundura yo kurwanya Abakoloni noneho bigasa n’ibyabaye urutirigongo shingiro rw’amadini ya none twizera ko azatugeza mw’Ijuru ku Mana.
Biragaragara ko modernité Nyaburayi (Prof D.H.L) yafashe umwanya maze isumba modernité ikomoka ku Mana (Prof M.A.) nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira :
1. Gushyira imbere ubwenge bwa Muntu mu buhanga na tekiniki (rationalité scientifique et technique) :
Modernité Nyaburayi ishaka kutwemeza ko ishoboye kumenya byose mu bidukikije, nyamara ikigaragara ni uko ubumenyi bwa Muntu bufite imbago uretse n’izo mbago ahubwo bwageze n’aho, aho guha Muntu buharanira umutekano wo kubaho bwamubereye intandaro y’umutekano mucye. Prof Roger Garaudy avuga ko nawe asubiyemo ibyavuzwe na Philosophe Hobbes muri De Cive : « Umuntu ni Ikirura ku Muntu » Bityo bwa bwikuze bwa Muntu bwiha kumva ko yaba isoko ya byose, byamuviriyemo kuba isoko y’amakuba ye na bagenzi be. Ingero ni nyinshi ariko dufashemo nke, tubona ko Muntu yageze ku buhanga bwo koreka isi mu gihe gito cyane (bombe nucléaire), arahindagura kamere y’ibimera bimutunga bikamubyarira impinduka n’indwara yananiwe kuvura, Isi yashyushye igiye kutumara kubera ibikorwa bya Muntu etc.
Mohamed Arkoun abyita : La garantie ultime : Kubura ubwishingizi nyabwo bwa nyuma : Ni ukuvuga kubura garantie y’uko ibyo Muntu n’ubwenge bwe avuga ari ukuri kubereye bose n’igihe cyose. Ati ibyo rero biva ku Mana Gusa ati ni nako byahoze kuva cyera na kare (croyance millénaire, séculaire) Muntu yemera ko hari ikindi, izindi mbaraga ziri hejuru ye, byashenywe n’abitwa les Lumières navuze hejuru.
2. Ubwigenge bwa Muntu (autonomie de l’individu)
Guha ubwigenge Muntu ni byiza kuko n’ubutumwa bwa Coran bwaje kumubatura ngo bumuvane mu bubata bw’imiryango maze bumugire uwigenga (irindi somo ubwaryo). Nyamara buri gikorwa cyose cya Muntu kigira imbago ntarengwa (limites). Kubera kudashaka kugira imbago yitwaje ko afite ubwenge, yananiwe kumenya ubwaguke bw’izo mbago.
Aho kugirango abashe gutunganya Isi, yateje umwiryane mu bayituye, azana ubusumbane bushingiye k’ugutunga, bamwe barakira abandi baratindahara, abakomeye bigabiza iby’abanyantegenke, biteza inzangano hagati y’abantu ndetse n’ibihugu. Ubwigenge bwahindutse inkoni ikubita bamwe ikimika abandi, imbaraga, ubukungu, ubutegetsi, kwigwizaho nibyo byabaye igipimo cy’ibikwiye n’ibibereye isi (confrontation des puissances, des jouissances, …).
Mu rwego rw’amadini (Ubusilamu, Ubukirisitu ndetse n’Ubuyahudi), ubwo bwigenge bwageze mu bijyanye n’imibereho n’imyifatire (éthique et comportement) bisingira n’amategeko. Aha rero havuka ikibazo mu byitwa (amategeko y’Imana n’amategeko ya Muntu) : droit de Dieu et droit de l’homme.
Nibutse mpita ko mw’ishingwa ry’ikitwa Amategeko mpuzamuhanga y’Uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu yo ku 10 Ukuboza 1948, Arabie Saoudite na Vatican banze kuyasinya kuko yavuguruzaga ibyo bita (les droits de Dieu : irindi somo). Umusilamu yifate ate ? Abigenze ate ? Dukwiye kubitekerezaho no kubiha igisubizo kuko bituri imbere byombi. Uburenganzira bwa Muntu bwaje ndetse no kurengera mu byitwa individualisme(nyamwigendaho) igiye koreka isi.
3. Gutandukanya inzego (différenciation des sphères sociaux)
Itandukanya ry’inzego ubwaryo si ribi, ariko iyo rishatse kwibagirwa isoko imwe izihuza bihinduka ihangana ryazo maze Muntu akahahombera aho kuhungukira. Ingero : Gushaka gushimangira iryo tandukana ryishe mu buryo budasubirwaho ibyitwa imigozi y’imibanire y’Abantu (destruction des liens sociaux) ibyari ubufatanye kamere bihindurwa inzego z’ubufasha (structures sociales institutionalisées). Bigeza igihe aho gutabara Umuntu uri mu kaga bamwohereza ku bigo bimushinzwe.
Aha rero havuka ikibazo iyo za nzego zidakora kubera impamvu zinyuranye, bwa bufatanye karemano burapfa maze imbabare ikabura kirengera.
Modernité Nyaburayi mu Gihirahiro
Nyuma y’uru rugendo rwa modernité classique nkuko Prof M. Arkoun abyita, (16 siècle-1950), mu ntangiriro za 1970 yatangiye kubona ko ibyayo byageze ku ndunduro (douter d’elle-même) kuko ibisubizo yari yiteze mu rugendo rwayo atari byo yabonaga nkuko tumaze kubyerekana. Marcel Gauchet asanga modernité nayo igomba kwemera kwisuzuma. Iryo yisuzuma ryabyaye inkingi ya kane ya modernité Nyaburayi (impératif du changement) : Iyimikwa ry’ubwenge bwa sianyi na tekiniki, ubwigenge bwa Muntu, itandukanya nzego, hakiyongeraho n’ihinduka .
Mu madini se ho byari byifashe bite?
Kiliziya (mu nzira zayo zose) yomye inyuma modernité Nyaburayi nk’Umubyeyi ukurikira umwana we ushaka kumwishitura, byageze ubwo mu myaka ya 1963-1965 Kiliziya ikora bimwe twavuze byitwa aggiornamento muri Concile ya Vatican II maze igerageza guhuza iby’amahame yayo n’indangagaciro za modernité Nyaburayi nyuma y’ihangana n’itsinda ry’Intagondwa zavutse mu kinyejana cya 19 zitwaga intransigeantistes baharaniraga kongera cyangwa kugarura ijambo kuri société (influence) bari bamaze kwamburwa n’Impinduramatwara y’ubufaransa
I BUSILAMU BIHAGAZE BITE? BARAREBERA? BARI BAHUZE? NONE BAKORE IKI ?
I Busilamu byari bihagaze bite? Barareberaga gusa?
Nyuma y’ihura ry’isi y’Abayisilamu na modernité Nyaburayi guhera muri 1798, byateye umwamuko imbaga y’Abayisilamu maze abahanga muri bo batangira gutekereza guhuza amahame y’ukwemera n’indangagaciro za modernité Nyaburayi mu byiswe Nahda nkuko twabivuze hejuru.
Impamvu ya kabiri yabaye gucika intege kw’Impugu Othmaniya
Uwo mwamuko (prise de conscience) wigaragaje mu Ngeri eshatu:
• Mu rwego rw’imyemerere (idini)
• Mu rwego rw’Umuco n’ubuhanga (culturel, intellectuel)
• Mu rwego rwa Politiki
Mu rwego rw’idini : Mu Busilamu hari imvugo bitirira Intumwa y’Imana (hadith) ivuka ngo muri buri kinyejana haboneka umuntu uza kunagura idini (al-ihya din), ba bahanga twavuze hejuru bahisemo kuba ariryo bakoresha (Rifa’i Tahtawi : 1801-1873, Jamâl al-Dîn al-Afghâni 1839-1897, Muhammad ‘Abduh 1849-1905) bifuzaga kuvana mw’idini iby’abanyedini (théologiens) baryinjijemo, mbese bashakaga kurisukura kuko kuri bo modernité Nyaburayi ntaho ibangamiye idini ry’umwimerere.
Bityo ibitekerezo byiza bishya bikaba byakwinzizwa mw’idini. Ndetse barakomeje bagera no mu rurimi rw’icyarabu aho binjijemo nk’amagambo mashya nk’ijambo « Ishtiraqiyyat rivuga socialisme ryahimbwe mu mwaka wa 1879 na Ahmed Faris al Shidyaq
Mu rwego rw’Umuco n’ubuhanga : Hatangiye kandi gukwirakwiza ibigo by’amashuli ndetse n’ibigo by’ihindura ndimi kugirango hakwirakwize ibitekerezo bya Filozofiya des lumières, hoherezwa abahanga benshi muri za Egypte, Syrian na Liban mu byitwa Tanzimat (réforme y’amategeko muri empire Ottoman) ndetse abanyeshuli b’Abayisilamu batangira kujya kwiga i Burayi. Ibyo byose bigamije kwinjiza ibitekerezo bya modernité Nyaburayi.
Mu rwego rwa politiki : Hatangiwe imvugo za leta, (état-nation)
Demukarasi, inzego z’inteko nshinga mategeko (parlement) havutse kandi ibyitwa Panislamisme kiyobowe na Jamal Din al Afgan agamije kwigobotora ubwikanyize bw’Abongereza, kugirango bashyigikire Leta ariko itibagirwa Ubuyisilamu nk’ishingiro ry’imibereho ya Rubanda al UMMAT.
Hanavutse kandi icyitwa IKUNDAGIHUGU NYARABU (nationalisme arabe). Iyi yatewe n’uko hari igitekerezo cyo kwipakurura Abaturuki ndetse uwitwa Abdulrahman al Kawakibi w’umunya Syria (1855-1902) abigaragaza mu gitabo cyitwa Umm al Qura aho avuga ibya Califa (w’umwarabu) w’ukwemera, ariko igitekerezo cyafashe umurongo neza ku gihe cya Nasser wa Misiri muri za 1950.
Icyo umuntu yakongeraho ni uko no muri iryo kunda gihugu hajemo kubamo ibyo uwitwa Anne-Laure Dupont yita ikundagihugu rito (nationalisme local). Ni cyo cyatumye mu mwaka wa 1880, Rifa’i Tahtawi atangiza nationalisme y’inya Misiri yaje gukomezwa na Mohamed Abdu, ariko itangizwa nk’ishyaka ryitwa UMMAT (ishyaka rya Rubanda muri 1907 bikozwe n’abanyeshuli ba Mohamed Abduh. Bari bafite imvugo ivuga ngo « ikigira Umuntu umunyagihugu si ururimi, si n’idini icyangombwa ni ukwiyumva ukanemera ko uri Umunyamisiri » iyo nationalisme niyo yatumye Misiri iba Igihugu cya mbere cy’Abarabu cyabonye ubwigenge muri 1922.
Dusubiza ikibazo twibajije tuti : barareberaga, bari bahuze ? Twavuga ko bari bahagurutse rwose. Umuntu yakwibaza niba byari bihagije, ese umusaruro wabo wamariye iki ubuyisilamu ?
Mbere yo kwinjira mu kibazo cya hakorwe iki, tuvuge ko n’ubwo Nahda yatangiye muri 1798, isa n’iyagejeje muri 1967-70 maze hatangira undi muvuno mushya wa : BIRACYAZA
