Basomyi, nshuti bakunzi bacu, muri iyi nyandiko turabagezaho ikibazo kitoroshye kivuga ku mavugurura ku bya kisilamu, kuko ari ikibazo gitanga icyizere cy’ejo hazaza, kibanda ku myemerere, ku myizerere. Si ikibazo cyo gufatwa mu buryo bujenjetse cyangwa bworoshye, kuko ari igihuza Umuremyi n’ibiremwa, Intama n’Abashumba, ndetse kigahuza ab’isi tubona n’ab’ijuru tubwirwa tukizera. Gituma hibazwa niba koko inzira tumurikirwa n’abarinzi b’ibyatagatifujwe zaba ariyo zerekeza koko, cyangwa niba Abashumba bashora Intama mu biraro byabo?
Abahanga mu by’imibereho y’abantu bavuga ko amadini arirwo rwego rwa mbere abantu basabaniramo (espace de socialisation). Amateka yerekana ko cyera idini ariryo ryagenaga imitekerereze, imyumvire imikorere mu cyerekezo cyo gushimisha Imana iri kure (mw’ijuru) ku madini yahishuwe (atatu) cyangwa Imana iri hafi mu madini ya gakondo akaba ari nayo mpamvu bayishushanyaga kuko bayizi, babana nayo.
Marcel Gauchet avuga ko iby’amadini byamamaza iringanira ry’abantu imbere y’Imana nyamara akimika ubusumbane mu bana bayo (abagore n’abagabo, Abashumba n’Intama etc.) byaje gusimburwa n’iby’ingengabitekerezo maze Muntu aba ashinze Leta yiyemeza gucunga ubwo busumbane kimeza nta buryarya ikoresheje ibyitwa amategeko mbonezamubano (code civil) kuko ariko isi iteye, itangira kuba ariyo igena ya myumvire, ya mikorere. Amadini yose ntiyabyitabiriye kimwe bitewe n’imico n’uturere yiganjemo, hari amwe yayobotse iyo nzira kuko inkubiri yabizanye yari isibaniro njyanamuntu (ubukristu) hari n’andi yanangiye ntiyava kw’izima :
Ubusilamu cyane ko mu busilamu ibya Leta n’iby’idini bimatanye. Nyamara n’ubwo Leta yaje gusa n’iyatsimbuye amadini, iyo ubyitegereje neza usanga harimo ihurizo ritabonye igisubizo. Abayobozi ba Leta basa n’abanesheje abayobozi b’amadini ku mugaragaro, ariko Leta ntiyabashije gutsinda imitekerereze y’amadini muri rubanda, kuko no muri iyo Leta imbere, abayigize ari abayoboke, bakomera amashyi impande zombi nka ba bandi bacyeza abami babiri.
Mu nyandiko nise «ivugurura ry’ibya kisilamu» ndagerageza kwerekana urwo rugendo, uko rwatangiye, aho rugeze, icyerekezo, imbogamizi, n’inama yo kubisohokamo. Kubera ko iyo nyandiko ari ndende, tuzagenda tuyicamo ibice kugeza irangiye. Turabasaba kutarambirwa mugakurikira ikiganiro-nyandiko, ariko tunabizeza ko ufite ikibazo twamusubiza kandi ibiyikubiyemo ntawe uhatiwe kubyemera uko biri.
IGICE CYA MBERE :
IMPAKA ZIBONEKA MU MBAGA YA KISILAMU KU IVUGURURWA
Muri iyi myaka ya vuba (1950-2020) mu mbaga y’abayisilamu haravugwamo ikibazo cy’ibyitwa ivugururwa rya kisilamu. Impaka ziboneka mu bagize iyo mbaga cyane cyane abari kw’isonga mu bumenyi, ni ukwibaza ku kivuguruwa: bamwe (abitwa réformistes) bati ni ivugururwa ryimbitse rigomba kugera no ku bishyitsi shingiro by’idini (aggiornamento), abandi (abitwa traditionalistes) bati ivugururwa riri mu busilamu nyirizina bityo bikaba nta mpamvu y’ivugururwa.
Iyo myumvire ihabanye isa n’iteza urwicyekwe muri iyo mbaga cyane ko bamwe bita abandi gukorera ubutegetsi bw’ibihugu runaka, abandi nabo bakabarega gukorera abitwa abanzi ba islamu bagamije kuyisenya. Kuri izo mpaka zishingiye ku bikwiye kuvugururwa hiyongeraho n’ikindi kibazo cy’ufite uburenganzira bwo kurikora. Mu kugerageza kuganira kuri iki kibazo turarebera hamwe uko buri ruhande rukibona, turebe niba imbaga y’abasilamu ikurikira ibibera iwayo, cyangwa se niba ikacangirwa ikamira.
Uko bamwe mu bagerageza kubyibaza babibona
« Mu gitabo cye cyitwa Rawdat at Talibiin ku mutwe witwa : Ibifungurwa page ya 370-371, Imamu AL Nawawi asubiza uwamubajije niba mu bihe by’amage umusilamu yemerewe kurya ingurube arengera ubuzima, yashubije ko bitemewe. Avuga ko ahubwo hemewe kwica ukarya : Umuntu udasali, Umuntu ukurwanya, Umuntu wakwiciye umuvandimwe, Umugore n’Umwana wo mu muryango muhanganye, avuga ko ku kibazo cy’umugore n’umwana abamenyi batabivugaho rumwe ariko ko abenshi ari ababyemeza barimo na Imamu Al Ghazali » « Hadith ebyiri ziboneka muri Boukhari imwe yitwa daifu indi yitwa Sahih : (1) Ijuru riri munsi y’ibirenge by’ababyeyi (b’abagore) (2) Isengesho ry’Umuntu ryangizwa n’iyo : indogobe, imbwa n’Umugore bikunyuze imbere. Iyi hadith ibeshyuzwa na Aisha na none muri Boukhari aho avuga ko Intumwa yajyaga isenga ayiryamye imbere nkuko byasubiwemo na Zarkashi, kuko kandi iyi hadith igereranya Umugore n’inyamaswa »
Ikindi gitera ikibazo ni ihuzwa ry’impuzamagambo (concepts) ebyiri : Sharia na Fiqh. Fiqhi : istimbat min al koran : icyemezo cy’ubuyobozi bw’ubucamanza(avis juridique). Abantu bacyeka ko ari syteme y’ubucamanza ifunze. Sibyo gihamya ni uko kugeza ubu hariho amashuli ane ya fiqh, bikaba byerekana ko hatigeze habaho imibonere imwe ifunze bityo bikaba binashoboka ko habaho n’andi kuko ari ibisubizo ubuyobozi bwatanga ku bibazo by’ubuzima mu gihe runaka. Ikibazo cyaje kuvuka aho bishyiriwe mu nzego (institutionaliser). Icyitonderwa ni uko bene gushinga ayo mashuli bemeraga ko ari imibonere yabo ku bibazo runaka.
Uyu munsi ikibazo cy’abasilamukazi gishingiye kuri iryo nyerera rya fiqh yahinduwe amategeko ya kisilamu, mu gihe icyitwa amategeko ya kisilamu (droit musulman) kitari kizwi ku gihe cy’abo bahanga ba mbere, kuko bakoresheje fiqh,ibya « amategeko ya kisilamu ntabyo bamenye » concept ya droit musulman ni nshya, nkuko igitabo cya Baudouin Dupret :
La Sharia. Des sources à la pratique un concept pluriel yerekana uko byavuye muri fiqh bikaba droit musulman bikozwe n’Ubutegetsi bw’Abakoloni kuko izo fatwa, izo (avis juridiques) zitandukanye zitatumaga babasha gutegeka. Ng’uko uko iyandikwa (codification) ya fiqh yahindutse amategeko ya kisilamu (droit musulman). Simvuga k’umurimo wakozwe n’abatubanjirije ukwiye guteshwa agaciro, ni isoko y’ubumenyi mu bihe (savoir historique) ariko ntikwiye gufatwa nk’ihame ry’ubumenyi ntavugururwa, igikwiye ni ugusuzuma ubutumwa tukabuhuza n’ibihe byacu (notre réalité à nous )
« Imamu Ibn Qayyim al Jawzia 1292-1350 ati : Ishingiro rya Sharia ni Ubutabera (al adl) impuhwe (al rahma), umutungo rusange (al maslaha), ubupfura (al hikma). Ati itegeko ryose ritandukira ubutabera ryimika ubugome, impuhwe ryimika ubunyamaswa, umutungo rusange rikimika ruswa (al mufsadat), ubupfura ryimika ubugwari (al abati), ntibishobora kuba mu bigize sharia n’iyo byaba byarinjijwemo n’isobanura (interprétation). Lamrabet ati dushingiye aho twemerewe kugira ibyo duhindura bishingiye kw’isobanura (interprétation). Murebe ibindi uwo mumenyi avuga mu byitwa i’lam al muaqiin : Umugore ni umunyururu w’umugabo we, Umugabo agenzura Umugore we, ari munsi y’amategeko asendereye (absolu) nk’umucakara (asawj kaher lizawjatihi, hakim alayiha, wa tahti sultanihi wa hukmuhi chibha al assira. Umuntu yakwibaza ati iri yivuguruza rishingiye ku ki ? rishingiye k’uko imvugo ya mbere ishingiye ku nyigisho za Coran naho iya kabiri ishingiye k’uko ibintu byifashe (contexte) mu igihe n’umuco bye »
Ibibazo by’imbere muri OUmat
Biranagaragara kandi ko mu bibazo abasilamu bafite muri iki gihe, turetse ibibazo bituruka hanze yabo, hari n’ibibazo bituruka imbere muri bo kubera kutumvikana ku cyakorwa kugirango ubusilamu bwoye gukomeza kugaragara nk’idini y’ibihe byashize, maze yinjire mu ruhando mpuzamahanga itaretse ukwemera-muzi nyamara ihujwe n’ibihe byayo, bityo byarinda imyidyane ya hato na hato haba kuri bo ndetse no mu bandi muri rusange. Mu kugerageza kuvuga kuri iki ikibazo, tugiye kureba inkora yacyo n’abagerageje kugihangara.
Ivugurura rya kisilamu n’amatsinda abigize
Nkuko Leyla Dakhli abivuga, ikibazo cy’ivugurura ry’iba kisilamu ni ikibazo cy’insobe (complexe) kigizwe n’abantu batandukanye kandi b’abahanga bifuzaga kugerageza kuvugurura ibya kisilamu ngo babihuze n’aho isi igeze mw’iterambere (modernité).
Ivugurura ni iki ? Sabrina Mervin avuga ko ivugurura risobanura : Gusubira kw’isoko y’inyandiko (retour aux écritures) no gusubiramo ibijyanye n’ibyitwa amategeko n’imyemerere (nkuko byasobanuwe n’abo hambere) kugirango bibashe gutanga ibisubizo ku bibazo by’uyu munsi.
Steven Duart avuga ko kugirango umuntu asesengure neza iby’ivugurura (réformisme) byaba byiza habanje kuvugwa, ibyo ritari byo, maze ati : Benshi mu bantu bakunze kwitiranya iri tsinda n’andi matsinda yose agaragara mu ruhando rw’iby’abasilamu. Ni byiza gutandukanya ivugurura (réformisme) n’icyitwa igarura ry’ubuzima (revivifier, revivalismes) bikunze kenshi kwitiranywa. Iryo nyerera ry’ururimi rishingira kw’ijambo : muslih, riganisha kuri salaf salih bigana ku binyejana byabayeho nyuma y’Intumwa y’Imana sw, noneho bakarandaranda bakabigeza kuri islah (gusana), kugaruka ku bya mbere bizima, bitarangirika. Ariko mu by’ukuri biratandukanye kuko ijambo ivugurura (réformer) bivuga gusubiramo, cyangwa guhindura uhuza ibiriho n’ibihe urimo(mise à jour), naho ihabuzima (revivifier) bikavuga ihembera ibiriho ngo bitazima .
Uku niko bamwe mu bahanga biyemeje kwiha intera(distance critique) bajya kureba impigi n’akayihatse aka wa munyarwanda, maze bajya kureba ibyo Abashumba bahereza abagereranywa n’Intama n’ubwo atari zo rwose. Ese abayoboke basanzwe baba bazi ko ari uko biteye ? Abashumba se bo baba bazi niba umuti bavuguta unkweka? Niba ariwo ukwiye? Niba utanga ikizere cyo kuzahura na Rurema? Tubitege amaso, ubutaha tuzakomeza tubagezaho iby’urugendo rw’ivugurura.
