Ku wa Mbere tariki ya 7 Mata 2025, u Rwanda n’Isi bibutse ku nshuro ya 31 habaye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Ni Jenoside yahitanye abarenga miliyoni imwe bishwe mu gihe cy’iminsi 100.
Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, Antonio Guterres, ku wa Mbere yagaragaje Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi nka “kimwe mu bice biteye ubwoba cyane mu mateka ya muntu.”
Cyo kimwe n’izindi Jenoside zagiye zibaho, mbere y’uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ibaho yabanje gutegurwa mbere y’uko uwo mugambi ushyirwa mu bikorwa.
Muri rusange habaho inzira (ibyiciro) 10 zibanziriza Jenoside iyo ari yo yose, nk’uko bigaragazwa na Gregory H. Stanton usanzwe ari umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza. Izi nzira ni zo tugiye kugarukaho muri iyi nkuru.
Ibi byiciro Gregory Stanton agaragaza icyakora ntabwo buri gihe bikurikirana ku murongo umwe, ahubwo bishobora no kubangikana.
Gusobanukirwa ibyiciro bya Jenoside bituma habaho ingamba zo kuyikumira itarashyirwa mubikorwa.
Gutandukanya abantu (Classification)
Gutandukanya abantu bizwi nka “twe” na “bo”, ubikora ashingira ku moko, imyemerere, amadini, ubwenegihugu n’ibindi.
Iki kiciro cya mbere usesenguye neza, ni cyo cyabaye mu Rwanda aho ingengabitekerezo ishingiye ku moko yabibwe n’abakoloni b’Ababiligi, ibyatumye Abatutsi batangira gufatwa nk’ibicibwa.
Abategura icyiciro cya ‘Classification’ ahanini batangira bavuga bati: “Twe dutandukanye na bariya, bariya ni aba naba…baturutse hariya,…”.
Biri mu nshingano za buri wese mu kurwanya iki kiciro, aho himakazwa amahoro ndetse no kubana mu bumwe.
Ibimenyetso/ibirango (Symbolization)
Kumenyekanisha abantu, urugero muri Jenoside yakorewe abayahudi, ku myenda yabo, Abanazi bashyiragaho ibimenyetso bibatandukanya n’izindi mfungwa.
Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ho ubutegetsi bwari bwarimakaje kuvangura abantu binyuze mu indangamuntu zirimo amoko, ndetse n’amafishi y’ishuri yandikwagamo ubwoko kugira ngo bizorohe ku ihezwa ry’Abatutsi ku mashuri makuru.
Umwanditsi Dr Jacques Morel mu gitabo cye yise ‘La France au Coeur du Génocide des Tutsi’, iyi ndangamuntu yo mu Rwanda yayise ‘Seritifika y’urupfu’ mu gihe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari itangiye.
Kurwanya iki kiciro rero, ni ngombwa kwimakaza kurwanya imvugo z’urwango zikwirakwiza ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Ni imvugo zafashe intera mu bihugu birimo n’ibituranye n’u Rwanda, by’umwihariko muri RDC ahibasirwa abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda.
Ivangura (Discrimination)
Stanton agaragaza ko itsinda ryiganje rikoresha amategeko, imigenzo nimbaraga za politiki kugira ngo bahakane uburenganzira bw’itsinda cyangwa matsinda ahohoterwa.
Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi byagiye bigaragara cyane, aho Abatutsi batahabwaga uburenganzira kimwe n’abandi banyagihugu, ndetse bakabwirwa ko bazasubira aho bitaga muri Abisiniya, ariyo Ethiopia y’ubu.
Ibi ni na byo biri kuba mu burasirazuba bwa Congo, aho abanye-Congo bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi bavangurwa ndetse bakabwirwa ko bazasubizwa mu Rwanda, hatibagiwe ndetse nandi matsinda y’Abahema n’Abanyamulenge na bo badafatwa nk’abenegihugu.
Ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko cyangwa idini rigomba kwamaganwa ndetse no kurwanywa.
Kwamburwa ubumuntu (Deshumanisation)
Aha usanga Ubutegetsi bushishikariza abantu gutesha agaciro itsinda rihohoterwa, binyuze mu kuryita amazina y’inyamaswa, udukoko, cyangwa indwara.
Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi, aba bantu bitwagwa inda, mu gihe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bitwagwa Inyenzi, Inzoka…
Abategura iki kiciro, akenshi baba bashaka ko abazashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside bazabe bumva ko bari kwica inyamaswa.
Iki ni ikiciro rero kiba kigomba kurwanywa binyuze mu kwamagana izi mvugo mbi z’urwango, ndetse no gukangurira umuryango mpuzamahanga kuzamagana ndetse no kuzihana.
Itegurwa (Organization)
Iki gikorwa gikorwa na Leta aho itegura gahunda ya jenoside ishyirwa mu bikorwa ubusanzwe na leta, ingabo zayo cyangwa imitwe yitwara gisirikare.
Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, mu Rwanda, Leta yari yarashyizeho umutwe w’Interahamwe ndetse n’impuzamugambi, imitwe yagize uruhare rukomeye mu bwicanyi ifatanyije n’ingabo zatsinzwe.
Muri Congo hariyo imitwe ikomeye cyane ya Wazalendo na yo wagereranya n’Interahamwe, ikaba ikora ibikorwa byibasira abanye-Congo bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi.
Ikindi abantu bamenya ni uko iyi mitwe ihabwa amazina meza cyane ku buryo kubayinjiramo baba bumva ari ishema.
Mu rwego rwo kurwanya iyi mitwe rero, haba hagomba gushyirwaho imbaraga mu kuyamagana, gusaba ko ifatirwa ibihano ndetse no kubuzwa kugendana intwaro, gusa ikibabaje ni uko umuryango mpuzamahanga ukomeje kwica ijisho aho wigira nkaho utabizi.
Igikorwa cyo kwibanda ku ngingo imwe (polarization)
Abategura Jenoside, usanga batifuza ko imitwe yitwara gisirikare igira amatsinda atandukanye. Ntibifuza ko iyi mitwe igirana uguhura kenshi ngo itagaruka ku nyungu za buri mutwe kugira ngo idatangira kuvumbura ikiri gutegurwa.
Leta akenshi ahabaye Jenoside, kubera ko ariyo iba izitegura, iyo iyi mitwe itangiye gutandukana isubira ku nyungu Leta idashaka, itangira guhitana abayobozi batari abahezanguni bimitwe iba yitwara gisirikare.
Mu Rwanda, Interahamwe ndetse n’Impuzamugambi n’indi mitwe yari mu mashyaka ashyira mu gaciro yaje gushyirwa mu itsinda rimwe ryiswe Hutu Power, maze abayobozi b’andi mashyaka yashyiraga mu gaciro baza kwicwa na Leta yakoraga jenoside.
Muri Congo, urebye nibyo byabaye aho, imitwe irenga 100, yose yashyizwe mucyo bise Wazalendo, uwo babonye atangiye kugira ibitekerezo bihuje na M23 akicwa.
Mu kurwanya iki kiciro, imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu iba igomba gukora cyane, abanyamakuru n’abakurikiranira ibintu hafi baba bagomba buri gihe kubyamagana nakagaragaza aya mayeri.
Kwitegura (Preparation)
Muri iki kiciro, abategura Jenoside, batangira kumenya no gutandukanya amatsinda y’abagomba guhohoterwa.
Batangira kubashyira hamwe, kubicisha inzara, kubirukana bati ‘turabasubiza iyo mwavuye’, nk’uko bikunze kuvugwa muri Congo.
Muri iki gihugu kubera ko indangamuntu zabo batandikakamo ubwoko, abahohotetwa babamenyera kururimi, ndetse n’imiterere y’umubiri, mu gihe mu Rwanda ho byari byoroshye kwifashisha indangamuntu yanditsemo ubwoko.
Muri iki kiciro Inzobere Stanton niho anagaragaza ko ari naho hategurwa urutonde rw’abicanyi.
Muri iki kiciro inzego zose zigize sosiyete ziba zigomba guhaguruka zikamagana ibiri kuba, aha harimo abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, itangazamakuru, amadini….
Gutotezwa (Persecution)
Abahohoterwa baramenyekana kandi kubera ubwoko bwabo cyangwa idini ryabo. Muri leta ya jenoside, abagize amatsinda avangurwa rimwe na rimwe bazahatirwa kugendana ibimenyetso bibaranga nk’ibiranga aho bavuka, amazina cyangwa ubwoko bwabo.
Ibi ubihuje na Jeniside yakorewe Abatutsi, kugendana indangamuntu, cyari icyangombwa cy’urupfu.
Muri Congo, ku banyekongo bavuga ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda bibasirwa, kujya mu gace karimo Wazalendo bihwanye n’urupfu.
Kurimbura (Extermination)
Gutangira ubwicanyi, bifatwa n’abicanyi nkigikorwa cyo kurimbura kuko bizera ko abahohotewe atari abantu byuzuye.
Abicanyi baba baramaze gutegurwa mu mutwe kubera ibi bice byose baba baranyuzemo.
Nta gutekereza baba bagifite, kuko bigera naho bica ababakomotseho. Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi byarabaye aho hari ababyeyi bihekuye, abandi bakica abo bashakanye.
Iki ni igice kibi cyane, kuko mu Rwanda cyabaye indunduro muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Mu busanzwe Isi yose iba igomba guhagurutsa ingabo, zikajya guhagarika Jenoside iba yatangiye. U Rwanda rwarabikoze aho rwohereje ingabo muri Darfur muri Sudani, aho aba-Janjaweed bibasiraga abirabura, ndetse no muri Repubulika ya Centrafrique aho u Rwanda rwagize uruhare mu guhagarika ubwicanyi bwari bushingiye ku madini.
Gusa ikibabaje ni uko Umuryango Mpuzamahanga watereranye u Rwanda mu gihe iki gice cya Jenoside cyarimo cyiba muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Guhakana (Denying)
Iki n’igice cya nyuma jenoside icamo, ndetse abahanga bavuga ko gitinda cyane, kimara igihe kirekire. Kirangwa akenshi no guhakana, gupfobya no guha ishingiro Jenoside.
Abakoze Jenoside batangira kuyihakana, bakavuga ko ari amoko yicanye, ntibemere ko bakoze ibyaha ndengakamere. Usanga akenshi barangwa n’imvugo zo guha ishingiro Jenoside.
Urugero mu Rwanda, uzasanga barangwa n’imvugo z’uko ngo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yatewe n’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Habyarimana, nyamara bakirengagiza ibi byiciro byose Jenoside ibanza kunyuramo.
Ikindi barangwa no gupfukirana ibimenyetso no gutera ubwoba abatangabuhamya.
Mu Rwanda akenshi mu gihe cyo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, usanga hari imibiri itahurwa iba yarahishwe nk’ikimenyetso cyo gupfukirana ukuri kw’ibyabaye, kandi hashize imyaka 31 yose.
Ni mu gihe Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi na n’ubu hari abakiyihakana.
Umusesenguzi: Rudahunga Desiré
