Tariki ya 3 Gicurasi ni umunsi Isi yose yahariye Ubwisanzure bw’Itangazamakuru, kuva mu bihe bya mbere, u Rwanda ruza mu myanya y’inyuma ku rutonde rw’ibihugu byubahiriza ihame ry’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru rusohorwa n’umuryango w’abanyamakuru batagira umupaka, RSF (Reporteurs Sans Frontières) buri mwaka, iyi ngingo igateza impaka mu gihugu ; inzego nka RMC (Rwanda Media Commission), MHC (Media High Council) na RGB (Rwanda Governance Board) zikagaragara akenshi zinyomoza izi raporo.
Muri raporo ya yasohotse uyu mwaka ivuga ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru mu gihugu mu 2019, u Rwanda ruri ku mwanya w’155 mu bihugu 180, urebye ugasanga nta mpinduka zigaragara mu myaka yashize. Ibi bituma hibazwa niba imiryango nka RSF na HRW (Human Right Watch) iba igamije kwibasira u Rwanda, yaba idasobanukiwe n’icyo ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bivuze cyangwa se mu Rwanda bakaba batakizi, kimwe n’uko iyi miryango yaba ishingira ku makuru atari impamo cyangwa akabirijwe nk’uko amajwi menshi yagiye abikomozaho.
Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru
Imiryango Mpuzamahanga nka FPF (Freedom of Press Foundation), Umuryango w’Abibumbye, UNESCO, Iharanira Uburenganzira bwa muntu isobanura ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo no guhabwa amakuru.
Ibi bisobanuro iyi miryango ibihurizaho n’ingingo ya 38 iri mu Itegekonshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003, ryavuguruwe mu 2015. Inzego nka RMC zikabishimangira mu gatabo k’Amahame Ngengamyitwarire y’Umwuga w’Itangazamakuru mu Rwanda kavuguruwe mu 2014, cyane cyane mu ngingo ya 10 n’iya 24 zivuga ku bwigenge no kurengera umunyamakuru.
Uko ubwisanzure buvugwa ku Rwanda muri iki gihe
Mu 2019, RSF yavuze ko uretse kuba itangazamakuru rinigwa mu Rwanda, n’abanyamakuru ubwabo barikandagira, bakiyima uburenganzira (VOA,2019). Iyi ngingo iherutse kuzamura undi mwuka ubwo muri Mata 2020, abanyamakuru 10 biganjemo abakoresha urubuga rwa YouTube batawe muri yombi, bashinjwa gukora ibikorwa binyuranye n’umwuga bakora.
Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha, RIB rwagiye rutangaza ko aba banyamakuru barenze ku mabwiriza ya #GumaMurugo mu rwego rwo kurwanya ikwirakwira ryicyorezo cya #COVID19.”
Abafite itangazamakuru mu nshingano ntabwo bemerenya na raporo ya RSF
Mu 2013, u Rwanda rwaje ku mwanya w’161 mu bihugu 179. Icyo gihe Barore Cleophas [ubu uyoboye RMC] nk’umunyamakuru wa ORINFOR yatangaje ko muri iki gihugu hari intambwe ifatika imaze guterwa. Yibajije ku bakora ibi byegeranyo ati: “Wibaza niba abakora ibi byegeranyo baba bigereye mu Rwanda ngo barebe ibihakorerwa.” (Igihe, 2013)
Umunyambanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru, Peacemaker Mbungiramihigo, mu 2019 yemeje ko nta munyamakuru ufungwa kuko yakoze inkuru runaka cyangwa ngo ahohoterwe, avuga ko iki iyi raporo “usanga ishingiye ku marangamutima, aho gushingira ku bushakashatsi bugaragaza iterambere u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho mu rwego rw’ubwisanzure, kwiyubaka, kuvugurura amategeko n’inzego zigamije iterambere ry’itangazamakuru.”
Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2018 Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imiyoborere, RGB (Rwanda Governance Board) gifite itangazamakuru mu nshingano, bwagaragaje ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda bugeze ku kigera cya 81.3%. Icyo gihe, Gerald Mbanda ushinzwe itangazamakuru muri iki kigo yagize ati: “Igipimo cy’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ni cyo cyaje ku isonga n’amanota 81.3%. Ikijyanye no kubahiriza amategeko n’amahame ngengamyitwarire (…) cyaje inyuma n’amanota 64.2%.” (Imvaho Nshya, 2018)
Ubwisanzure bubi mu Itangazamakuru
Amahame agenga itangazamakuru mpuzamahanga ndetse n’Itegekonshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo ya 38 bibisobanura neza. Ntabwo itangazamakuru rihabwa ubwisanzure bwo kwibasira, kwinjira mu buzima bwite bw’umuntu keretse ku nyungu za rubanda, kubiba urwango ndetse no kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura.
Itangazamakuru ni irigaharanira amahoro, ubworoherane, demukarasi, uburenganzira bwa muntu ndetse n’iterambere rishingiye ku mibereho myiza y’abaturage. (RMC, 2014)
Hari ibihano biteganyirizwa umunyamakuru cyangwa igitangazamkuru kirenze ku mahame agenga uyu mwuga birimo: gutegekwa gusaba imbabazi, kwihanangirizwa mu magambo cyangwa mu nyandiko, guhagarikwa by’agateganyo cyangwa, burundu no gucibwa amande. (RMC, 2014)
Umubare w’ibitangazamakuru mu Rwanda wariyongereye ugeranyije na nyuma y’Urugamba rwo Kubohora igihugu mu 1994, ubwo hari Radiyo na Televiziyo y’u Rwanda. Ubu hari radiyo zirenga 34, televiziyo zirenga 15 ibinyamakuru byandika ku mpapuro (Print media) 36 ndetse n’imbuga za interineti zirenga 88, byose bigaragara ku rutonde rwa RMC rwo mu 2019. Hari kandi kaminuza enye zigisha amasomo y’itangazamakuru, byose bikagaragaza uburyo uru rwego rumaze kwiyubaka mu myaka 26 ishinze.
N’ubwo RSF n’abafite itangazamakuru mu nshingano mu Rwanda batemeranya ku bwisanzure bwaryo, bemera ko hari ubwo abanyamakuru ubwabo biyima uburenganzira bwo gutara no gutangaza inkuru. Iyi ngingo bayihurizaho n’inararibonye mu mwuga w’itangazamakuru mu gihugu, gusa ku rundi ruhande ngo ‘ni amahitamo aterwa n’umutimanama w’umunyamakuru. »
Iri vuguruzanya hagati y’inzego zishinzwe itangazamakuru na RSF rimaze igihe kinini, uyu muryango ushinjwa gukora raporo rudashingiye ku kuri. Byatanga umusaruro mwiza:
- RSF ije gukorera ubushakashatsi mu Rwanda, ifite amakuru yihariye maze ikayahuza n’ayo ikuye imbere mu gihugu (terrain).
- N’ubwo itangazamakuru ryateye imbere ugereranyije no mu myaka 26 ishize, byatanga umusaruro wisumbuyeho abashinzwe itangazamakuru bakomeje kureba ahakiri integer nke muri uru rwego.
